習近平總書記(ji)圍繞新質(zhi)(zhi)生產力作出一系列(lie)重要(yao)論述(shu)，強調“發(fa)展(zhan)新質(zhi)(zhi)生產力是推動高質(zhi)(zhi)量發(fa)展(zhan)的內在(zai)要(yao)求和重要(yao)著(zhu)力點(dian)”。建(jian)筑(zhu)業要(yao)實現高質(zhi)(zhi)量發(fa)展(zhan)，必須(xu)要(yao)發(fa)展(zhan)建(jian)筑(zhu)領域的新質(zhi)(zhi)生產力。

建筑業發(fa)展新質生產力的(de)哲學思考

發(fa)展(zhan)新(xin)質生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)力(li)(li)(li)，不能忽視、放棄傳統(tong)產(chan)業(ye)。科(ke)技(ji)成果(guo)轉化為現(xian)實(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)力(li)(li)(li)，表現(xian)形式為催生(sheng)(sheng)新(xin)產(chan)業(ye)、推動(dong)(dong)產(chan)業(ye)深度轉型升(sheng)級。建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)業(ye)是現(xian)代化產(chan)業(ye)體系中的基礎產(chan)業(ye)，在培育和發(fa)展(zhan)新(xin)質生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)力(li)(li)(li)過程(cheng)中，不能忽視、放棄建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)業(ye)，而是要用新(xin)技(ji)術改造提升(sheng)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)業(ye)，積極(ji)推動(dong)(dong)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)業(ye)工業(ye)化、數字化、綠色化，大(da)力(li)(li)(li)培育建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)業(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)新(xin)質生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)力(li)(li)(li)的新(xin)動(dong)(dong)能。

新(xin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)生產(chan)力(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)舊質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)生產(chan)力(li)(li)基礎上產(chan)生的質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)。馬克(ke)思主義哲學的觀點是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，一切事物都是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)相互聯系的、運(yun)動的、發(fa)展(zhan)的。運(yun)動的過程是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)從量變(bian)(bian)到質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)。發(fa)展(zhan)的軌跡是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)定之否(fou)定，螺旋式上升的。建筑(zhu)業發(fa)展(zhan)新(xin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)生產(chan)力(li)(li)，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)建筑(zhu)業傳(chuan)統(tong)經濟增長(chang)方式、生產(chan)力(li)(li)發(fa)展(zhan)路徑的否(fou)定。用先(xian)進經驗和先(xian)進生產(chan)力(li)(li)代替(ti)傳(chuan)統(tong)建筑(zhu)業，這是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)根本性變(bian)(bian)革(ge)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)而不是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)量變(bian)(bian)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)創新(xin)而不是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)改良。

建(jian)筑(zhu)業(ye)新(xin)(xin)質(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)力(li)要堅持(chi)科(ke)(ke)技創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)和制度創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)的(de)融(rong)合發展。近年來，新(xin)(xin)興產(chan)業(ye)得到快速(su)發展，5G（第五代移動(dong)通信技術）、互聯網(wang)、人工智能(neng)等與(yu)傳(chuan)統(tong)產(chan)業(ye)相結合，催(cui)生(sheng)(sheng)了生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)方式(shi)(shi)和生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)方式(shi)(shi)的(de)重(zhong)大變革。建(jian)筑(zhu)業(ye)在工業(ye)化、數(shu)字化、綠色化的(de)推動(dong)下，也出(chu)現了很(hen)多(duo)新(xin)(xin)技術、新(xin)(xin)業(ye)態(tai)、新(xin)(xin)模式(shi)(shi)。科(ke)(ke)技創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)是推動(dong)傳(chuan)統(tong)建(jian)筑(zhu)產(chan)業(ye)發展新(xin)(xin)質(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)力(li)的(de)重(zhong)要手段，但科(ke)(ke)學(xue)技術要在傳(chuan)統(tong)行業(ye)中深入(ru)發展，必須要研究制度創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)。我們要堅持(chi)科(ke)(ke)技創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)和制度創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)的(de)融(rong)合發展，才能(neng)使建(jian)筑(zhu)業(ye)新(xin)(xin)質(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)力(li)更(geng)好更(geng)快發展。

建筑業發(fa)展新質生產力的主要舉措(cuo)

生(sheng)產(chan)力(li)是(shi)人們(men)認(ren)識自然(ran)、改造自然(ran)的能力(li)，包括生(sheng)產(chan)工(gong)具、生(sheng)產(chan)對象和(he)勞動者。新(xin)質生(sheng)產(chan)力(li)的核心要(yao)求是(shi)創新(xin)起(qi)主導作用，擺(bai)脫(tuo)傳統的經濟增(zeng)長方(fang)式(shi)和(he)生(sheng)產(chan)力(li)發展途徑，以新(xin)的發展理(li)念、新(xin)的科學技術形成(cheng)(cheng)先進(jin)生(sheng)產(chan)力(li)的質態。我認(ren)為，建筑業形成(cheng)(cheng)新(xin)質生(sheng)產(chan)力(li)要(yao)圍繞以下幾方(fang)面。

一(yi)是(shi)生產(chan)理念和生產(chan)工(gong)具的(de)改革創新(xin)。要運用綠色(se)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)(zao)、裝配式建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)(zao)、數(shu)字建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)(zao)、智能(neng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)(zao)共同推(tui)動建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)(zao)方(fang)式的(de)變(bian)革。綠色(se)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)(zao)是(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑業(ye)發展的(de)底色(se)。一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)，我(wo)們要堅持可持續發展的(de)理念，最大(da)程(cheng)度地節約能(neng)源和保護環(huan)境。另一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)，我(wo)們要大(da)力發展碳(tan)捕(bu)捉(zhuo)和碳(tan)封存技(ji)術(shu)(shu)，確保實(shi)現“雙碳(tan)”目標。裝配式建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)(zao)是(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑生產(chan)方(fang)式的(de)變(bian)革，是(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑項目施(shi)工(gong)機械化的(de)重要方(fang)法(fa)。數(shu)字建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)(zao)是(shi)通過(guo)(guo)互(hu)聯網技(ji)術(shu)(shu)和BIM（建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑信息模(mo)型）技(ji)術(shu)(shu)，優化施(shi)工(gong)流程(cheng)，實(shi)現從粗(cu)放管理向精(jing)益建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)(zao)的(de)重要支(zhi)撐。智能(neng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)(zao)是(shi)在建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)程(cheng)設計、生產(chan)、施(shi)工(gong)等各個階段，通過(guo)(guo)應用智能(neng)化系統，提(ti)高(gao)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)(zao)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)智能(neng)化水平，并提(ti)高(gao)經(jing)濟和社(she)會效益的(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)(zao)模(mo)式。

其中，智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)建(jian)造(zao)要(yao)(yao)突出三個(ge)方(fang)面。首(shou)先建(jian)立智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)慧(hui)(hui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)地(di)，使(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)地(di)上(shang)(shang)長出“智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)慧(hui)(hui)大腦”。通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)慧(hui)(hui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)地(di)實施(shi)對(dui)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)全過(guo)(guo)(guo)程、全方(fang)位的管(guan)(guan)理，使(shi)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)上(shang)(shang)人(ren)、機(ji)、料、法、環都用(yong)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)慧(hui)(hui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)地(di)平臺管(guan)(guan)理，質(zhi)量、安(an)全、進(jin)度(du)、成本都可(ke)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)慧(hui)(hui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)地(di)平臺控(kong)制(zhi)。從開(kai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)到竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)都可(ke)在(zai)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)慧(hui)(hui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)地(di)平臺上(shang)(shang)有(you)序推進(jin)。同(tong)(tong)時(shi)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)慧(hui)(hui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)地(di)平臺加(jia)強(qiang)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)技(ji)術與科學(xue)技(ji)術的融合(he)發展。通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)BIM等信(xin)(xin)息(xi)技(ji)術，助(zhu)推新(xin)(xin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝、新(xin)(xin)材料、新(xin)(xin)技(ji)術在(zai)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)上(shang)(shang)落(luo)地(di)，從而節約成本，提高效率。其次，用(yong)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)建(jian)造(zao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)代替傳統的建(jian)造(zao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)。生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)是生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)力(li)水平發展的集中體(ti)現(xian)，生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)決定著生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)力(li)的性質(zhi)，現(xian)在(zai)建(jian)筑(zhu)機(ji)器(qi)人(ren)還有(you)很多不足(zu)，與農業(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)機(ji)器(qi)人(ren)相比還有(you)很大提升空間。江蘇省要(yao)(yao)求智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)建(jian)造(zao)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)，必(bi)須(xu)要(yao)(yao)使(shi)用(yong)三類以上(shang)(shang)機(ji)器(qi)人(ren)，通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)強(qiang)制(zhi)推動，使(shi)得建(jian)筑(zhu)機(ji)器(qi)人(ren)逐步代替傳統建(jian)造(zao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)的同(tong)(tong)時(shi)，還能(neng)(neng)找(zhao)出建(jian)筑(zhu)機(ji)器(qi)人(ren)的不足(zu)。最后，要(yao)(yao)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)企融合(he)發展。要(yao)(yao)改變項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)經理大包干模式，就必(bi)須(xu)加(jia)強(qiang)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)建(jian)造(zao)企業(ye)建(jian)設。智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)建(jian)造(zao)企業(ye)要(yao)(yao)擁有(you)自己(ji)(ji)的科技(ji)公司，用(yong)于給項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)部解決實施(shi)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)慧(hui)(hui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)地(di)的難題(ti)，能(neng)(neng)用(yong)新(xin)(xin)科技(ji)、新(xin)(xin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝、新(xin)(xin)技(ji)術指導(dao)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)部。智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)建(jian)造(zao)企業(ye)也必(bi)須(xu)實現(xian)自己(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)建(jian)筑(zhu)機(ji)器(qi)人(ren)，通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)自己(ji)(ji)企業(ye)的生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)和改進(jin)，盡(jin)快實現(xian)用(yong)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)建(jian)造(zao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)代替傳統建(jian)造(zao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)。

二是勞動對象即建(jian)筑產品要(yao)升級(ji)換代。住(zhu)房要(yao)升級(ji)換代，世界上兩門(men)科學與人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)健(jian)康(kang)直接相(xiang)關，一(yi)(yi)是醫(yi)學，二是建(jian)筑學。人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)生(sheng)80%時間是在室(shi)內度過的(de)(de)(de)，室(shi)內環境對人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)命健(jian)康(kang)影響很大。當(dang)前，住(zhu)宅(zhai)與綠色健(jian)康(kang)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求還有一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)差距。住(zhu)房城鄉(xiang)建(jian)設(she)部提出，要(yao)建(jian)設(she)好(hao)房子、好(hao)小區(qu)、好(hao)社區(qu)、好(hao)城區(qu)，就是要(yao)使(shi)我(wo)們的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑產品升級(ji)換代，現代化的(de)(de)(de)住(zhu)房應該把家(jia)居(ju)安防、電器控制、家(jia)居(ju)環境、醫(yi)療健(jian)康(kang)融合(he)到(dao)(dao)一(yi)(yi)起(qi)，住(zhu)在家(jia)里(li)，能呼(hu)吸到(dao)(dao)與大自然中(zhong)一(yi)(yi)樣的(de)(de)(de)空氣，從而(er)使(shi)得身心(xin)愉(yu)悅、身體健(jian)康(kang)。

三是建(jian)(jian)筑人(ren)才隊伍(wu)要(yao)走向現代化。人(ren)是生(sheng)產力中(zhong)最活(huo)躍(yue)最革命的因素。發(fa)展生(sheng)產力必(bi)須通(tong)過人(ren)的活(huo)動來完成(cheng)。要(yao)大(da)力培養掌(zhang)握(wo)新(xin)發(fa)展理念、熟悉(xi)新(xin)發(fa)展技術(shu)(shu)的領軍人(ren)物，要(yao)大(da)力培養既(ji)懂(dong)工程技術(shu)(shu)又懂(dong)信息技術(shu)(shu)的復(fu)合型人(ren)才，要(yao)大(da)力培養綠(lv)色建(jian)(jian)造(zao)、裝(zhuang)配式建(jian)(jian)造(zao)、數字(zi)建(jian)(jian)造(zao)和智(zhi)能建(jian)(jian)造(zao)等現代化建(jian)(jian)造(zao)方式的新(xin)型建(jian)(jian)筑工人(ren)，要(yao)采(cai)取多種措施，使建(jian)(jian)筑農(nong)民工變成(cheng)產業工人(ren)，提升整個建(jian)(jian)筑隊伍(wu)的水平。

完(wan)善新質(zhi)生產力發展的機制體制

生(sheng)產(chan)關(guan)系必須與生(sheng)產(chan)力發(fa)展(zhan)要(yao)求相適應。新質(zhi)生(sheng)產(chan)力發(fa)展(zhan)是動態(tai)的(de)，這決定了生(sheng)產(chan)關(guan)系也要(yao)與時俱進地完善和發(fa)展(zhan)。當前，建筑業要(yao)圍繞(rao)突(tu)破束縛新質(zhi)生(sheng)產(chan)力的(de)堵點(dian)卡點(dian)，進一步深化(hua)全面改(gai)革。

改(gai)變(bian)(bian)(bian)各管一(yi)(yi)(yi)段的承包(bao)(bao)方式(shi)(shi)。長(chang)時間(jian)以來，建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)業(ye)(ye)的項目在立項后，先是(shi)發(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)給(gei)勘(kan)察設(she)計單位，完(wan)成(cheng)后再(zai)發(fa)(fa)包(bao)(bao)給(gei)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工承包(bao)(bao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)，導(dao)致設(she)計、施(shi)(shi)(shi)工脫節，不(bu)(bu)適應綠色建(jian)(jian)造(zao)、裝配式(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)造(zao)、數字建(jian)(jian)造(zao)、智能建(jian)(jian)造(zao)的要求。要改(gai)變(bian)(bian)(bian)各管一(yi)(yi)(yi)段的狀(zhuang)況，建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)必(bi)須(xu)要從施(shi)(shi)(shi)工總承包(bao)(bao)向工程總承包(bao)(bao)轉(zhuan)型升級，企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)但能施(shi)(shi)(shi)工，而且會設(she)計。企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)會設(she)計、施(shi)(shi)(shi)工還(huan)(huan)不(bu)(bu)夠，施(shi)(shi)(shi)工總承包(bao)(bao)時投(tou)融資(zi)是(shi)甲方完(wan)成(cheng)的，所(suo)以實施(shi)(shi)(shi)工程總承包(bao)(bao)必(bi)須(xu)要學會投(tou)融資(zi)，要變(bian)(bian)(bian)成(cheng)投(tou)建(jian)(jian)營一(yi)(yi)(yi)體(ti)化的企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)。所(suo)以，企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)要變(bian)(bian)(bian)成(cheng)投(tou)建(jian)(jian)營一(yi)(yi)(yi)體(ti)化企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)，組織架構(gou)也要發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)化，企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)集團中要有設(she)計板塊(kuai)、施(shi)(shi)(shi)工板塊(kuai)，還(huan)(huan)要有專門的投(tou)資(zi)公(gong)司，通過投(tou)資(zi)公(gong)司控股來科學經營運(yun)轉(zhuan)整個(ge)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)。

要推(tui)動行業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)管理(li)的機制(zhi)創新(xin)。建筑(zhu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)管理(li)理(li)念要從督促處(chu)罰向機制(zhi)創新(xin)轉(zhuan)變。當前建筑(zhu)工人很多(duo)是農(nong)民工，不專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、行為不規范(fan)，因此(ci)需要在(zai)機制(zhi)創新(xin)上下功夫，讓農(nong)民工變為產業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)工人，這是建筑(zhu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)管理(li)走向現代化(hua)的重要舉措(cuo)。此(ci)外，建筑(zhu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)管理(li)還(huan)要通過信息化(hua)、智(zhi)能化(hua)、網絡化(hua)提高管理(li)水平。

在生產(chan)資(zi)料所有制和(he)勞(lao)動產(chan)品(pin)分配上(shang)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)探索(suo)。建(jian)筑智能(neng)化以后，數(shu)據將成為重要(yao)的生產(chan)要(yao)素。數(shu)據歸誰所有，數(shu)據能(neng)否像資(zi)本等生產(chan)要(yao)素一(yi)(yi)樣(yang)參(can)加分配等都需(xu)要(yao)進(jin)一(yi)(yi)步進(jin)行(xing)(xing)規(gui)范(fan)和(he)探索(suo)。

（作(zuo)者系(xi)江蘇省建設(she)職業教育(yu)行業指導(dao)委(wei)員會副主(zhu)任）